1.Kings & Queens
2.Freedom Fighters
3.Presidents & Prime Ministers
4.Revolutionaries & Reformers

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Rosa Parks Biography

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Rosa Parks: Who started a movement against racism by refusing to leave the bus seat?

Rose Parks

Blacks treat discriminant

It was 1955. At that time, racism was at its peak in the southern American state of Alabama. So slave owners and traders held Black women, men, and children captive and exploited them for their labor and suffering. But they did not have the right to vote. Blacks could not step on the path on which whites walked. Even water taps and bus seats were different among them.

At that time, racial violence and discrimination plagued the nation during this period. So a black woman working in a department store refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. Then the bus driver called the police, and this woman got convicted. Rose Parks did fine, $10, and had to pay an additional $4 court fee.

Rosa Parks protest for Blacks

But the woman’s courageous protest galvanized her to speak out. Then she boldly raised her voice to challenge the racial inequality and discrimination. This woman was Rosa Louise McCauley Parks. Even after this incident, Rosa did not give up. Continuity to blew the trumpet of the fight for equality in America.

She challenged the law against racism. That inspired other people to protest against injustice and discrimination. Individually Rosa’s rebellion had now become everyone’s. This civil movement lasted for about a year. And finally the US Supreme Court had to order that Black citizens could sit anywhere on the bus.

Her marriage to a local barber and fighting against injustice together.

When Rosa was 19 years old, she married a local barber. The name of that barber was Raymond Parks. After this, both of them together raised their voice on many social issues.

She continued to speak there as well. In 1987, Rosa founded ‘The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute.’. In this institute, youth from the Black community were given training for jobs.

Rosa Parks faced threats

Rose Parks

But Rosa’s journey was not so easy. Then Rosa had to face constant harassment and threats due to the bus boycott movement. Due to this, she lost her job. After which Parks finally decided to move to Detroit with her husband and mother. Where Parks’ brother lived.

Here Parks got the position of an administrative associate in the office of civil rights leader John Conyers Jr. In the year 1965. Long life, Rosa worked here till retirement. So Rosa went to school only five months a year. The rest of the time she had to work in the fields. Again, Rosa completed high school after getting married.

Nixon believe women stay in the kitchen

In such situations, Rosa stated, “I chose to serve as secretary, as I couldn’t bear to decline the request.” Here she worked for local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon. So he believed women should stay in the kitchen. When Parks asked, “Well, how about me?”. Nixon replied, “I need a secretary, and you’re fine.” At that time, the position of secretary was appropriate for women.

As secretary in 1944, Rosa investigated the gang rape of a Black woman in Alabama. Together Parks and other civil rights activists formed ‘The Committee for Equal Justice’ to get justice for the woman. Where the Chicago Defender called ‘the strongest campaign for equal justice of that decade.’.

Rose Parks protest against rape

Continue Parks worked as an anti-rape activist for five years. Then Parks also worked for some time at Maxwell Air Force Base. Boldly, Rosa Parks refused to surrender her bus seat in 1955. The first time it was not that she clashed with bus driver James Blake.

Here Parks had protested against the injustice against Black citizens. In the same bus 12 years before this incident. But she protested against the rule for Black people to get off the bus. And re-enter from the back door. When Rosa refused to do so. Badly, Blake got angry and pulled Rosa’s coat sleeve and asked her to get off the bus.

Rosa Parks wrote her biography

She got in through the back door, but Park thought it better. Due to leave the bus instead of doing so. In the years after her retirement, Rosa traveled to support civil rights events. Self-support, she wrote an autobiography called Rosa Parks: My Story.

According to the website History, in her autobiography, she mentioned the bus incident. Supposedly, she was writing, “People always say I didn’t give up my seat because I got tired. But that’s not true. Physically, I wasn’t tired.

I wasn’t old, although some people thought I was old at that time. But I was forty-two. When I got tired of only one thing: giving up.” Rosa Parks initiated a wave of resistance against racism. When she boldly refused to vacate her bus seat.

Civil rights movement

The name of this woman who refused to leave her seat was Rosa Parks. Now she had to face punishment for this bravery. Police officers arrested Rosa Parks. But Rosa had done her job. So she had created the spark. For a long time, the Black community had been patiently awaiting change. Then the Montgomery bus boycott had become an issue.

People like Martin Luther King Jr. were playing an active role in this campaign. But this was just the beginning. The objective was that everyone in America should get equal rights.

There should be no racial or caste discrimination against anyone. And the most important thing was to end the humiliating ‘Jim Crow segregation.’. Due to which the Society consistently despised and marginalized the Black community.

Racism

Here, African Americans also could not eat in restaurants like white people. This continued until 1963, when the US government finally had to end it. Due to the efforts of people like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr.

Death

Honored with America’s highest civilian award.

From the US government, Rosa got the ‘Congressional Gold Medal of Honor’ in 1999. It is called America’s highest civilian award. Even in her old age, Rosa was always vocal for civil rights. In 2005, at the age of 92, Rosa said goodbye to this world.

But throughout her life, the mother of this civil rights movement continued to speak fearlessly for the truth. She used to say, ‘If you are doing the right thing, then you should never be afraid of anything.’

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Sambhaji Maharaj Biography

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Sambhaji Maharaj, who did not convert even after being tortured and having his body cut into pieces

Sambhaji Maharaj

Sambhaji Maharaj Chhaava movie

For 9 years, Sambhaji Maharaj also fought like his father. This film Chava is based on the life of the second ruler of the Maratha Empire. So the son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is doing well at the box office.

In this, Vicky Kaushal’s performance brings the character of Shambhaji to life. Greatly, Director Laxman Utekar made this film to touch the hearts of the audience. This film has also received critical acclaim and praise on social media.

Sambhaji maharaj converted into Islam ?

So Shambhaji led many military campaigns. The most important of which was the attack on Burhanpur under the Mughal rule. Then he rejected Aurangzeb’s offer to leave him if he converted to Hinduism. But he preferred to sacrifice his life for Hinduism. He refused to back down even in adverse situations.

Now, Shambhaji was also a researcher. While fighting tirelessly to save the kingdom, on the other hand. Here he became proficient in several languages. So much so, he gave priority to education and science.

Sambhaji Maharaj strength

 A lot—we can learn a great deal from his innovative war strategies and leadership. Adhering to the ideology he believed in, the sacrifices he made for the people. And the loyalty he showed to them is indescribable.

Above all, his determination, discipline, and self-reliance remain an inspiration to today’s generation. His life shows that true strength lies not in power alone. But in personality and perseverance.

Aurangazeb dream to Islam India

Being king, Aurangzeb’s dream was to convert Hindu India into an Islamic country. Many people had tried this before him. They did not succeed. Mostly, Shaista Khan, Diler Khan, Dawood Khan, Mahabat Khan, and Bahadur Khan—Marathas defeated all his brave soldiers and subedars.

Hundreds of soldiers and chieftains died in various battles. 50–60 thousand soldiers died. So the Marathas/British/East India Company destroyed the prestige of the Delhi-Mughal empire. Finely, Aurangzeb himself thought of going to the south many times.But he refrained from it due to fear for his life (security issue).

Sambhaji Maharaj maintain Hind Swaraj

During Shivaji’s presence, he trembled with fear. Then, defeat, he thought, would cost him his honor. With the death of Shivaji in 1680, the fear disappeared. A good opportunity came.

For a long time, Shivaji consolidated Hindu Swaraj and gained great prestige. In this race, Shambhaji could not maintain it well. But Shivaji brought great honor to the Hindu throne. Shambhaji earned a reputation as a great warrior.

Sambhaji maharaj protest women
Sambhaji Maharaj

His whole life, Shambhaji showed his anger to the Mughal rulers. And he fiercely defended Hindu women against Mughal atrocities. So he took the responsibility of saving the honor and lives of Hindu women. Mostly those who were facing severe troubles due to the Mughals.

None of Aurangzeb’s chieftains and soldiers came forward to confront Shambhaji. Such was the valor of Shambhaji. Aurangzeb asked his eldest son to go and attack Shambhaji.

What happened to Aurangazeb son?

Here he conditioned that Amir Khan must accompany the army to Afghanistan. Then he would go and attack Shambhaji. Recalling Amir Khan would result in the loss of the territory. So it would fall under the control of Afghanistan’s enemies.

It became clear that none of his allies were ready to confront Shambhaji. In a hopeless situation, Aurangzeb temporarily abandoned his attempt to attack Maharashtra.

Aurangazeb captured Bijapur and Golconda

In this, he tried to subdue the sultans of Bijapur and Golconda for three years. So this was a good opportunity for Shambhaji. But Shambhaji did not make much effort to profit from it. Shambhaji focused on reorganizing his internal administration. Thinking that he would see if Aurangzeb attacked him.

That time, Aurangzeb noticed this situation. Here he took the initiative to take advantage. He moved his army. So he attacked the parts of Maharashtra that were Hindu Swaraj. Finally, the Mughal soldiers took control of Khandesh and Konkan.

However, Aurangzeb knew that Shambhaji’s survival stood in the way of his conquest of Maharashtra. So Sambhaji excelled in the struggle for independence.

Sambhaji always thinks like Shivaji?

Only by capturing and converting Sambhaji to his side. But he would make the expansion of the Mughal empire in the south and Maharashtra possible. He thought of a strategy to capture Sambhaji. But again, Sambhaji did not think comprehensively like Shivaji.

The ministers, soldiers, and people should have ascended the throne with the consent of all. But since Sambhaji ascended the throne immediately after Shivaji died. So not everything is known to Sambhaji.

Aurangazeb continuous attack

Sambhaji spent his time in continuous wars with Aurangzeb. Regardless of the experienced elders who worked for Shivaji. Since he was a brave warrior, he easily faced Aurangzeb. Due to Shivaji, he established a good system.

Continuously, Shambhaji regretted his unilateral decisions. Danger had already loomed. He bravely refused Aurangzeb’s order.Aurangzeb became angry. He tied his legs and arms tightly and completely restrained him. So he ordered their chief to bring Shambhaji before him. After capture, he tortured him repeatedly and repeatedly to convert to Islam.

Sacrifice

Shambhaji, while enduring the pain, smiled and defied Aurangzeb. Then he defiantly proclaimed his fearlessness in the face of death. So Aurangzeb’s anger reached its peak. Aurangzeb’s men brutally tortured him for 40 days.

They ripped out his eyeballs and tore off his nails. Then savagely peeled off his skin while he was still alive. He asked if he would convert to Islam. He promised to give me his daughter’s hand in marriage. He also assured me that he would not convert to Islam. That he would not capture even a single fort.

Death

Sambhaji roared with the courage of a lion. Finally, in 1689, he died. A magnificent memorial has now been built at that place, inspiring everyone.

Thus, Sambhaji died a heroic death. And thereafter, the Maratha people reunified. The land that gave birth to many such heroes is ours… Jai Sambhaji Jai Hindu Rashtra.

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Autobiography Bhagat Singh | Bhagat Singh image

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Not passion… immense knowledge… the life of this Mahavir is an ideal for history

Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh sacrifice

Shaheed Bhagat Singh has left an indelible mark in the history of India.He is a wise man with a scientific perspective on worldly matters.

People widely admire Bhavan as a great thinker. So Bhagat Singh, who had a logical and scientific approach to life. The whole life of that Mahavir, who smiled and kissed the noose for the liberation of the country. 

Here he fought to end slavery at the age of 23 and has become an ideal for history. September 28 is Bhagat Singh’s birth anniversary. On this occasion, his life is the best example for today’s generation.

The revolutionary hero who kissed the noose… Shahid Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh… Just hearing this name makes the hair stand on end. So the blood of the youth boils. His style of freedom struggle is an ideal for today’s youth. His fighting spirit is an inspiration for today’s generation.

Greatly, Bhagat Singh’s efforts to break the shackles of slavery in India. Kissing the noose. People still remember the brave man who embodied patriotism until his last breath. Courageously, he kept the flame of patriotism burning in his eyes even at the moment of death.

Early life of Shahid Bhagat Singh…

Bhagat Singh was born on September 27, 1907, in a simple middle-class family in the village of Banglu in Punjab. Mother Vidyawati and father Kisan Singh. Since his family members were also freedom fighters, Bhagat followed in their footsteps.

Education

Bhagat Singh studied at the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School, run by the Arya Samaj (a reformist wing of modern Hinduism). Then he studied at the National College in Lahore. Finally, he began to agitate against British rule in India as a young man.

Freedom Fighter

He also worked as a writer and editor for Punjabi-Urdu-language newspapers in Amritsar that advocated Marxist theories. He took the lead with the slogan “Inquilab Zindabad.”.

Lala Lajpati Roy death

Lala Lajpati Roy died on November 17 after being lathi-charged by the British police. On December 17, 1928, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru, and Sukhdev killed a British police officer named Sanders and put up posters.

The Public Safety Bill, brought by the British government to suppress the peasant struggles, was debated in the Delhi Central Assembly.

The British Arrested

Bhagat Singh

In protest against this, on April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batu Keswar Dutt threw smoke bombs. There they scattered pamphlets in the Delhi Central Assembly. So the British government arrested them.

In the jail, Deputy Jail Superintendent Mohammad Akbar, who was watching all this. He tried very hard to hold back his tears. The man walking towards the gallows had probably already become a celebrity in India. He was Bhagat Singh. Along with Bhagat Singh, his friends Sukhdev and Rajguru were also walking.

Imprisonment

All three of them were in jail as political prisoners. The three of them had requested the British government not to hang them like ordinary prisoners but to shoot them as political prisoners.

The British government rejected their request. Satwinder Singh mentioned this incident in his book “The Execution of Bhagat Singh.”.

Singh wrote in his book.”The executioners asked them who they wanted to hang first. Sukhdev replied by saying, ‘Hang me first.’’

It is better to commit suicide than to live within four walls

While serving his prison sentence, Sukhdev felt that he would be sentenced to life imprisonment. He wrote a letter saying, “It is better to commit suicide than to live within four walls.”

Bhagat Singh replied, Thinking of suicide is an act of anti-progress. It is also an act of cowardice. We are embracing death with a smile, but that doesn’t mean we’ve lost hope in life. We still hold onto hope, even as we face death with courage.

It means that we will not even consider lives to free our country from slavery. Even if we have to spend our entire lives within the walls of prison. We will continue our path of struggle from here.

Situation in Jail

So he went on a hunger strike for 114 days for the rights of political prisoners in prison. Here he ignited the spirit of struggle even in detention.

“Love is not an animalistic obsession. It is a great feeling based on moral values ​​and culture. It never degrades a person. Every man must have deep feelings of love.’ In this, Bhagat Singh wrote in a letter. The great mental maturity of Bhagat Singh, who defined love at the age of twenty, is evident in those words.

Three of them hanged

The executioners hung the nooses one after the other. Then the bodies of the three remained hanging on the gallows for a long time. Kuldeep wrote in the book.

After this, the doctor there confirmed that all three of them were dead. The jail officer deeply admired the courage of these three activists. But he refused to see their bodies.

Due to this, the British authorities immediately suspended him. Mention there are many more incidents in the film Bhagat Singh.

Public slogan against British government

Since the night of March 23, 1931, hundreds of people have been chanting slogans against the British government outside the Lahore Central Jail. Not only there, but protests have been going on across the country against the hanging of Bhagat Singh.

Meetings and conferences were also held in the Hyderabad state to commemorate the sacrifice of those young men.

Wrongly portrait Bhagat Singh as terrorist ?

At the age of 23, what is the value of life? Is life so insignificant? Is it all a boy’s passion? He was also a terrorist. Various misconceptions about spreading the thoughts and ideas of Bhagat Singh these days. The previous central government tried to brand him as a terrorist.

Here are Bhagat Singh’s personality, his feelings and outlook, and the way he understood society. And his views on Shiva Varma, his friend, have been expressed in Bhagat Singh’s life in the memoir ‘Samsmrut.’.

Bhagat Singh was the first person to say that the freedom struggle under Gandhi’s leadership was proceeding in a compromising manner and that it was not good.

Great freedom fighter

Bhagat Singh was a strong advocate for expelling British rulers from India. He also worked tirelessly towards bringing a socialist revolution to the country. So He eradicated the exploitation occurring within the country after that. 

His writings make it clear that he was a person with extraordinary political and ideological understanding.A humanist who made scientific perspective his path. A kind-hearted person who loved society immensely

Bhagat Singh quotes:

  1. Rebellion is not a revolution. It may lead to the end.

  1. Love always elevates a man’s character. It never diminishes him. Love is always love.

3. They may kill me. But they cannot kill my thoughts. They may burn my body. They cannot burn my soul.

4. The sound must be very loud for the deaf to hear.

5. Nature crafts lovers, fools, and poets from the same raw material. We love life. We love death. We die. We will bloom in the forest of red flowers.

6. We will mock the Gallows. We will sleep on the sparks.

7. We do not mix revolution with strikes. Bombs and guns cannot make a revolution. Sharpen the sword of revolution with your thoughts.

8. I am a human being, and whatever affects humanity does not concern me.

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Che Guevara Autobiography

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Che Guevara Life History: Che Guevara to India

Che Guevara

Che Guevara come to India

Today is not Che Guevara’s birth anniversary. It is not his death anniversary either. And what is special about today? He landed at Delhi’s Palam airport after dawn that night. The next day, the then Prime Minister Nehru warmly welcomed Che Guevara at his official residence, Teen Murti Bhavan.

Early life

 But when that child grew up, he kept the dictators awake!. When he was still a medical student, Che had a desire to travel all over Latin America. That desire took root strongly. Then he wanted to travel all over Latin America on his old motorcycle with his friend Alberto Granado.

In his adult life, he did not even imagine that the journey would change his life. After starting that journey, he encountered many experiences along the way. Then he witnessed people suffering from a lack of necessities like food and shelter.

During colonial times, imperialists oppressed people, forcing them to live as slaves. He saw people dying of starvation, victims of imperialist oppression.

Che Guevara Education

Then it was that he decided to shed light on the lives of slaves in Latin America. There, his parents burst with excitement to see Che Guevara, who had obtained a doctorate.

However, they did not know that his ideas were different. So Che expressed his desire to end the dictatorship’s exploitation. And he freed the people from slavery.

People used to call him Che. Che, who studied medicine… Instead of living a comfortable life and adopting a medical profession. So he chose the path of revolution after seeing the poverty around him.

Che Guevara Cuba Revolution

Che Guevara

Then he traveled about 10,000 kilometers by motorcycle. Continuously, he raised awareness of the problems of the poor. Therefore, he visited many countries in South America.Continuously, he saw the extreme poverty, the plight of workers, and the oppression of capitalist power.

Not only that, but he took steps in that direction. Then he first chose Bolivia for his revolution. From there, he traveled through many countries. There he learned about Cuba. There are unbelievable struggles taking place under Castro’s leadership.

The guerrilla war that Che waged against the Cuban dictator Batista. So taught new steps to the revolutionary path. After that, Che’s role in the reconstruction of Cuba is unforgettable. That is why Cubans love Che Guevara just as much as they love Castro. And why he came to India… Castro sent him.

Married Life

Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro After the conflict, Guevara fled to Mexico City. He married Hilda Gueda in 1955. During this time, he met with rebel leaders Fidel and Raúl Castro, who were planning their armed revolution. Require change to overthrow the government of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.

Che Guevara initiated his first discussion with Fidel Castro, and it centered on world politics. He focused on world politics, with George G. According to Castaneda’s Companero: The Life and Death of Che Guevara.

Che Guevara fight against Dictatorship

Guevara declared, “I set out on a journey of the future a few hours later, at dawn.” “ Indeed, after my experience of walking across Latin America. Finally, he is putting the finishing touches on Guatemala. So it would not have been difficult to ask me to join.

Here, any revolution against a dictator, but Fidel struck me as an extraordinary man. So I shared his optimism. There were many tasks to accomplish, much to be fought for, and much to be planned. We had to stop crying and start fighting.”

Bandung Agreement

For peace, he asked all the countries that were in the Bandung Agreement to visit Che Guevara. Bandung is a city in Indonesia. All the Afro-Asian countries that opposed colonial rule and dictatorship met in Bandung.

Here he signed an agreement to be united and friendly, cooperating economically. India was also among them. That is why Che Guevara came to India. So he stayed here for a few days. And he also visited Calcutta.

The lion's dream of capitalist rule…

So it has been 55 years since the assassination of that revolutionary lion. Then he pledged to overthrow the Cuban dictatorial government.

Supportively, he formed an army of guerrilla fighters. Gradually, Che’s movement gained momentum. In 1959, he led a coup in Cuba.

Che Guevara brutally murdered in the forests of Bolivia

It’s no surprise that Che also wrote a diary about his travels. Publishers released Che Guevara’s book, ‘The Motorcycle Diaries,’ after his death. In 1959, Rebels launched a coup in Cuba.Differences began between Che and Castro over relations with Russia and China. As a result, he left Cuba. 

So he brought revolutionary changes to Latin American countries.There he stayed in the Congo for some time and then came to Bolivia.During this time, the CIA pursued him. 

The Bolivian army captured him and executed him. The Bolivian police shot and killed Che Guevara in the Bolivian jungle on 9 October 1967.This revolutionary hero and veteran of guerrilla warfare died on October 9, 1967, at the age of 39.

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Babasaheb Ambedkar Autobiography

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"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: The Architect of Equality and Justice"

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar

Childhood:

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar father, Ramji, son of Maloji Sakpal, was a military officer in the rank of Major Subedar in Mhow. He and his wife, Bhimabai, spent the last years of their service in a barrack. The place of Janmsthal Smarak in Kali Paltan housed the barrack.  Where Bhimrao was born here on 14th April 1891 at noon when Ramji Subedar was on duty. 

The child was raised in a disciplined environment by a Kabir Panthi father and a religious mother.His Marathi family hailed from Ambavade, a town in Ratnagiri district of present-day Maharashtra. His life span was short compared to many contemporary politicians.Despite the fact he belonged to the Mahar caste, which was considered untouchable.

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar on Varna:

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar

Even during this period, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar did a lot of work in study, writing, speech, and organization. His efforts influenced the politics of that time and later. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born into the lower caste. At that time, the British were recruiting young men from lower castes in the army.

His ancestors worked in the army of the British East India Company for a long time. Bhimrao’s father, Ramji Ambedkar, was a Subedar in the British Army. He was also a teacher in a military school for some time. His father had formal education degrees in Marathi and English.

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Education:

His birth into a caste is considered untouchable. Due to this, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar had to face many humiliating situations in his school life. Facing all these situations with patience and courage, he completed his schooling. Then he started his college studies. Meanwhile, his father’s pocket money became tight.

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar on College life:

There was a bad economic situation and a shortage of expenses. A friend took him to Gaikwad, the ruler of Baroda. Gaikwad arranged a scholarship for him, and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar completed his college education. After passing matriculation in 1907, with the financial help of Baroda Maharaj, he graduated from Elphinstone College in 1912.

Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar at Columbia University of America:

After earning his B.A. he received a fellowship from Baroda King Sayaji Gaekwad to pursue an M.A. at University. In 1915, he completed his postgraduate degree examination.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar authored his research titled ‘Commerce of Ancient India.’. In 1916, he received a Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in America. The subject of his Ph.D. research was “Decentralization of Provincial Finance in British India.”

Between 1913 and 1915, when Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was studying at Columbia University.Then he wrote a research paper on ancient Indian trade instead of a question paper for the MA examination. In this, he has considered India’s trade relations with other countries.

London School of Economics and Political Science

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar had to return to India after the fellowship was over. So they deported him via Britain. There he registered himself for an M.Sc. and D.Sc. at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He obtained a bar-at-law degree from the Law Institute; after that, he returned to India.

First of all, as per the condition of the scholarship, he accepted the responsibility of a military officer. He also became a financial advisor in the court of the Baroda King. Due to the serious problem of no one being ready to hire him in the entire city.So he returned to Mumbai after some time.

After getting a fellowship from Baroda King Sayaji Rao Gaekwad.Then Bhimrao passed the graduation examination from Mumbai University in 1912.Forbidden to study Sanskrit, he qualified in Persian instead.

Worked to make the uneducated and poor people aware:

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar

He edited the weekly magazine Mooknayak. He started Bahishkrit Bharat newspaper.He raised awareness among the mute, uneducated, and poor people through his newspaper. He completed his unfinished studies, which left. He went to London and Germany and obtained the degrees of M.Sc., D.Sc., and Barrister from there.

The research topic of his M.Sc. was the analytical study of the achievable decentralization of imperial finance. The topic of his D.Sc. degree was the problem of the rupee. It also covered its origin and solution. Additionally, it included the history of Indian currency and banking.

Honored with honorary degrees of D.Litt.

Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar received the honorary degree of L.L.D. from Columbia University. Osmania University also awarded him the honorary degree of D.Litt. In this way, Ambedkar became an inspiration for the global youth.

The discussion of trade relations has also outlined India’s economic development. The 12th volume of Rachnaavali published this research paper. After a few years of service to the Baroda state, he received the Nobel Prize.

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar in Poona Pact for Dalit reservation:

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was also a member of the delegation to the Round Table Conference in 1931.So there he demanded a separate electorate for the untouchables. Mahatma Gandhi opposed this as it was seen as divisive in Hindu society. 

In 1931, he spoke to the British Prime Minister at the Conference. He said, “The British Parliament and its speakers have always claimed to be the trustees of the depressed classes.”

I am sure that this is not a lie of civilized people, which, if not taken into consideration, would be a great betrayal. These people have become rich and great on the basis of our ruin and devastation. In the Poona Pact of 1932, Gandhi and Ambedkar agreed on a middle path after mutual discussions.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar soon established his leadership among the Harijans.He brought out several magazines on their behalf.He also succeeded in getting special representation for Harijans in the government legislative councils. Ambedkar took up the cause of the Harijans.

Conclusion:

It is said to make mutual relations cordial. In my opinion, it would be the definite duty of any government not to lose the heritage it has. If the British Government leaves us at the mercy of those who have not paid the least attention to our prosperity.Then we will not be able to do anything.

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Presidents of the United States of America | Barak Obama Autobiography

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I grew up listening to Ramayana and Mahabharata.He is reason for my admiration of India:Us presidents Obama

Us Presidents

Barack Obama… is a name familiar to all of us as a former US presidents and former soldier. We know little about him as a writer. But… Obama has filled this gap with the book ‘A Promised Land.’. In this book, which will be released on the 17th, he reveals his experiences as the first Black president of a superpower and his views on heads of state and leaders of political parties.

US Presidents Obama's contributions to global peace and diplomacy

Table of Contents

At a glance, the Obama presidency

Us Presidents

Barak Obama

44th President of United states of America

TIMELINE

                             1.Born
Barack Hussein Obama II

August 4, 1961 (age 63)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
                 2.Political party Democratic                                
                          3.Spouse

 (m. 1992)
                          4. Children
                       5. Parents
                      6.Relatives Obama family

A Promised Land book on India:

International publishing house Penguin Random House will publish Us Presidents Obama’s career in two parts. The first part, ‘A Promised Land,’ will be released on November 17. The publication date of the second part is yet to be determined. Penguin Random House reportedly paid around Rs. 485 crore for the books written by Obama and his wife, Michelle Obama. Michelle has already revealed all her experiences in the White House in a book titled ‘Becoming.’.

In A Promised Land, Obama said that as Us Presidents , he was given a BlackBerry phone, but only after the microphone and headphone jacks were removed.He explained that security officials carefully screened 20 people before allowing him to talk to them on the phone. He jokingly commented that since it lacked both the microphone and headphone jacks, it was like a dummy phone given to a toddler.

He said that India is the largest democratic country. One-sixth of the world’s population lives there.He said that India has about two thousand indigenous tribes and people speak more than seven hundred languages.He said that his friends in India and Pakistan taught him how to cook dal and keema. He also said that they made him accustomed to watching Bollywood movies.

Vladmir Putin

Obama commented that the muscular Russian President Vladimir Putin reminds him of a muscular hero and his physique is amazing.Obama described Putin’s behavior as being like that of smart politicians in Chicago politics. It is worth mentioning here that relations with Russia were not that good during Barack Obama’s presidency. Sometimes it is difficult.

Us Presidents Joe Biden

Former Us Presidents and fellow Democrat Barack Obama made interesting comments about the new US President-elect Joe Biden. He said that Biden is a good man and honest…but sometimes he can be awkward when he feels like he doesn’t get what he wants.He said that this nature is even more pronounced when dealing with a boss (Obama) who is younger than him. It is known that Biden served as Vice President when Obama was President.

Us Presidents Donald Trump

He criticized Donald Trump for taking office by promising to provide nectar to all such people. Obama commented that even if Donald Trump leaves office, he will not be able to bridge the gap in American politics.What is America? Obama analyzed the current political situation, saying that the fundamental differences in the concepts of what it should be are the cause of this complex situation. Due to this, the democratic system itself seems to be in crisis.

Obama called Rahul Gandhi a coward and an immature leader

 In-depth study… conciseness… He mocked the politician, calling him a coward with the maturity of a toddler! Senior Congress party leader and heir to the Gandhi family, Rahul Gandhi, has been described by Barack Obama as a cowardly, immature leader in his book ‘A Promised Land.’. Elaborating on the same point further… ”If you think of Rahul Gandhi as a student… he looks like someone who has read everything he has to read and is trying to score good marks in front of the teacher. But… it seems that something is missing in both the passion and the passion to master the subject he has studied,” he commented.

White Racism

They were afraid of seeing a Black man in the White House. Obama said in his book that the entry of a Black man into the White House as the president of the United States has terrified millions of white people and that all of them are long-standing evil forces in the Republican Party.

Obama explained that those who opposed him as a Black man were those who suffered from xenophobia (a severe fear of other races), did not like the idea of intelligence, were always clinging to conspiracy theories, and those who hated Black people could not tolerate him in the White House.

About Sonia Gandhi

Beauty is her own. “Everyone talks about the beauty of men like Charlie Christ and Ram Emmanuel. They say very little about the beauty of women. Except for one or two occasions, the same happened in the case of Sonia Gandhi.” This is the comment made by former US President Barack Obama about Congress President Sonia Gandhi. Impartiality..Purity of mind As a person who initiated economic liberalization in the country.

He expressed his concern that the current developments are causing both Republicans and Democrats to lose faith in the systems, values, and processes that they once believed in. Emily’s face was nothing Obama commented on Emily, one of his staffers in Iowa, as part of the election campaign… “My entire rhetoric and criticism would collapse in front of Emily. Emily would not blink.

Emily would have not kind of expression. I would try to do whatever she said, thinking that there was no benefit anymore.” Moreover… Obama commented that he did not understand anything about Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska and the Republican vice presidential candidate, regarding government governance. In his book, Barack Obama wrote that the spotlight on his married life, the pressure of office, and the extreme security of the White House made his wife, Michelle Obama, depressed.

He said that Michelle felt trapped within the four walls of the White House. “No matter how much Michelle achieved and became famous in life, there was an unknown tension in her. That tension was like the hum of an invisible machine. I was busy working all day long… He explained, “I felt like my family was treating me as a second priority when it came to the political criticism directed at me.”

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Abraham Lincoln America – The hero who broke the chains of slavery

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Table of Contents

Abraham Lincoln

The hero who broke the chains of slavery

The same color of blood flows in all the people created by God. But some are born lucky, and some are poor. If a person has to respect another person, who should he respect? the rich or the poor?? If you ask Lincoln, he will look at it differently. He said that everyone has self-respect. Abraham Lincoln was the one who believed in this as a trinity!

In 1861, America’s fate changed. The humanitarian and selfless democratic leader Abraham Lincoln ascended to the presidency of that country. Fifteen people sat on that throne before him, and twenty-eight sat after him. However, no one could reach his level. It is no exaggeration to say that Lincoln is still the idol of the American people. He left such an impression on the minds of Americans.

At a glance, the Lincoln presidency:

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

16 th President of United States of America

1.Served as President : 1861-65 2.Born : Feb 12,1809
3.Died : April 15 ,1865
4.Political Party - Republic Party

TIME LINE

1860 - Lincoln is elected president

1861 -      Emancipation Proclaim

1865 - American civil war ends

1865 - Lincolns death

Abraham Lincoln Childhood

Abraham Lincoln

Childhood and youth In December 1816, Thomas Lincoln moved with his family to Indiana, where he had filed a lawsuit challenging his title to his Kentucky farm. There, as a squatter on government land, he hastily built a “half-faced camp”—a crude structure of logs and branches open on one side to the weather—in which the family took shelter at blazing fire.

He soon built a permanent cabin, and later he bought the land on which it stood. Abraham Lincoln helped clear the fields and tend the crops but early developed a dislike for hunting and fishing. In later years he recalled the “panther roar,” “bears that flew hogs,” and “sometimes a very pinch” of poverty on the Indiana frontier.

The most unfortunate period of his childhood came after the death of his mother in the fall of 1818. At the age of nine, he watched her buried in the woods, then faced the winter without the warmth of a mother’s love.Fortunately, before the second winter began, Thomas Lincoln married Sarah Bush Johnston, who had moved from Kentucky to Indiana to raise a family with Thomas Lincoln.

A widow with two girls and a boy, she had energy and affection and ran the household equally, treating both sets of children as if they were her own, but she developed a special affection for Abraham Lincoln, and he for her. He later referred to his stepmother as his “angelic mother.”

Abraham Lincoln Adult life

However, his stepmother developed affection for Abraham Lincoln. She raised him as if he were her own child. Grief… Abraham Lincoln, who had been experiencing grief since birth, continued to haunt him throughout his life. His friends knew well how many sleepless nights Lincoln spent thinking about his nineteen-year-old sister Sarah, who died of tuberculosis. Despite his lack of education, he wanted to succeed in business. It left him with a huge loss. He struggled in a swamp of debt.

Abraham Lincoln Education

Although he became his stepmother’s own child, he gradually became distant from his father. Politics…However, he won four consecutive elections starting in 1834. After that, he spent some years away from politics and practiced law. Lincoln, who studied law on his own, rose to a very high position as a lawyer. Lincoln did not like the oppression of Black people by whites in America. He took up a lawyer and argued many cases on their behalf.

Abraham Lincoln's Political career

In this order, he decided to enter politics again in 1855. Fight against racism…Abraham Lincoln was a man who wholeheartedly believed that every person has self-respect. That is why he could not accept the differences between Black and white. He questioned where the stability of the country would be if Black people were languishing in slavery. That is why he announced that he would abolish slavery and racial discrimination in the country.

His speech titled ‘The Divided Speech’ changed the future of Americans. Abraham Lincoln’s call for all people to be equal and not to discriminate against them moved many. It made Abraham Lincoln the President of the United States. Opposition…After becoming president, Lincoln did not forget his promise. He abolished slavery. This led to strong protests. In particular, 11 states opposed Lincoln’s decision.Murder… Abraham Lincoln took further steps to advance the rights of Black people.

He announced that he would give them the right to vote. With this, some white people conspired against Abraham Lincoln. They tried to end him. A visionary disappeared from the history of that country. Azanubahu…Abraham Lincoln was an Azanubahu. He was six feet four inches tall and was also the strongest.

People give many examples of Abraham Lincoln’s muscular strength. In 1834, while Lincoln was speaking during the election campaign, a man rushed from the supporters in front of the stage. Abraham Lincoln saw the attack, grabbed the man’s neck with one hand, and threw him aside. People still tell stories about this even today. Lincoln was the first to use an axe. Americans believe that he has supernatural powers.

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Mother Teresa Autobiography | Mother Teresa

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Mother Teresa, the Mother of the Universe, who sought out and helped those in need.

Early life : Mother Teresa was a great person who was born somewhere in Yugoslavia and brought light to the lives of the unfortunate in the slums of Kolkata. She sacrificed her personal life to help her fellow human beings, sought out those in need and helped them immensely and became Mother readmore.

There is little to say about this great person who was called ‘Mother’ by Indians. Born on August 26, 1910 in Yugoslavia, Mother Teresa’s real name was Agnes Gonsa Bojakšu. Mother Teresa’s father was also a pioneer in serving others. An ashram he founded in Letnica for orphans still feeds many people readmore.

Mother Teresa, who followed her father’s service spirit… She joined the school in Kolkata belonging to that organization as a teacher on May 4, 1937. She was moved by the miserable condition of the people in the slums of Kolkata. Due to this, she resigned from her teaching job and started serving humanity readmore.

She established a school called Motijheel for orphans and, due to lack of sufficient funds to feed them, she made a living by scrounging on the streets of Kolkata. Some people who recognized her dedication to service volunteered to help. After the school received financial assistance, in 1950, with the permission of the Vatican, she established the ‘Missionaries of Charity’ readmore.

Through this organization, many unfortunate, poor and sick people were served for almost 45 years. She also extended her services to Asia, Europe, Africa, Rome, Tanzania, and Austria.According to the biography written by Joan Graf Clucas, after 12 years, she decided to dedicate her life to religion. She went there with Red Cross workers and provided medical services.

She resigned from the Missionaries of Charity on March 13, 1997. She died of a serious illness on September 5 of the same year. However, the members of the charity still elect her as the head of the board and declare that she is with them. Mother Teresa, who is known as the Mother of the Universe with the motto ‘Helping hands are better than praying lips’, has also been granted the status of sainthood.

Even after their death, the Vatican City declares ‘Saint’ to those who perform certain miracles. To be declared like this, at least two miracles must occur and then they will gain the status of a goddess. In a similar way, Teresa’s first miracle was recognized in 1998 when she cured a Bengali tribal woman suffering from a tumor in her stomach.

When she said that her tumor was completely cured due to the prayers offered to Teresa, she looked for a second miracle. The Vatican City has announced that Mother Teresa has been canonized as a saint, recognizing her second miracle, when she healed a Brazilian man suffering from a fatal brain disease.

Born somewhere abroad, embarked on a path of service, and settled in Kolkata, India, ‘Mother’ Teresa, who reached out to those suffering from illnesses and rendered services, was a ‘goddess’ who took care of those suffering from diseases in a condition that was so pitiful that she could not even write.

The unfortunate people, whose family members had thrown them on the road, wondering where they would get the disease if they caught it, recovered thanks to Mother Teresa. Knowing that they had no chance of surviving, some unfortunate people forgot their suffering in their last days with the help of Mother Teresa.

However, despite being praised by millions of people, prominent figures, governments and institutions, she also faced criticism and responded to it with her service. Speakers such as Christopher Hitchens, Michael Parenti, Arup Chatterjee and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad accused her of encouraging religious conversions and giving Christianity to those on their deathbeds.

In 1952, she started the ‘Home for the Dying’ in Kolkata. With the help of Indian authorities, she converted a derelict Hindu temple into a hospice for the poor. She named it ‘Nirmal Hruday’, the home of the Sacred Heart of Kalighat. Those who came to this home were provided with medical assistance and were given the opportunity to die with dignity according to their beliefs.

Muslims would recite the Quran, Hindus would offer Ganga water, and Catholics would be given funerals according to their customs. In her words, it was ‘a beautiful death’, a loving arrangement of divine deaths for humans who lived like animals.

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Martin Luther Biography | Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr

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Martin Luther King's 'Dream of Equality'

Martin Luther King Jr. speech in American history makes him Civil Rights Movement leader.

Role in the Civil Rights Movement :

Slavery ended in the united North America. Two years later, the Civil War ended. Millions of farm workers in the southern states waited for the dawn of freedom. At one point, it seemed that dawn had arrived. Despite violent obstacles in South America, the army defended the freedom and voting rights of blacks. In 1877, the army withdrew, leaving the defense of South America to political emancipators. Soon, the racist parallel army, the Ku Klux Klan, formed lynching squads readmore.

Martin was an active civil rights activist. He walked 10 million km in the face of injustice. He traveled and gave 2,500 speeches. Martin’s father was a respected Christian preacher. Martin received a doctorate in Christian theology in 1955. He worked as a church pastor. He was a man with an inner desire to ‘serve God and humanity’. That summer, he gave a wonderful speech in front of 2.5 million people in the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington readmore.

A hundred years ago, a great American (Lincoln) signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This memorable beacon of hope became a beacon for the Negro slaves of the unjust darkness. It shone like a day of light that broke the dark night. However, even after a hundred years, the Negro was still not a free being. He is suffering the painful handicap of the chains of segregation and the chains of discrimination.

We are gathered here today to express this shameful state. As Martin sat down after finishing his written address, he said, “Tell me about your dream, Martin.” The singer Mahalia Jackson asked from the audience. Hearing this, Martin’s lips burst into a lively speech. Friends, we must not fall into the valley of despair.

Despite the hardships we are experiencing, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply intertwined with the American dream. This country will move forward and live in the full sense of the nation. We will embrace these truths with our own testimony that all men are created equal.

Black and White will unite as brothers :

It is a golden dream that in the toxic, racist Alabama, where the governor’s words like ‘ban, ban’ will disappear and black and white children will one day join hands as brothers.

 

It is a dream that the day will come when the valleys, the hills, the highlands, the valleys will be leveled and all people will see the light of God together. This is our hope. With this faith I go. With this faith let us tear down the mountains of despair readmore.

Let us turn bitter disagreement into a brotherly voice. Let us work together, let us pray, let us fight for freedom, let us go to prison, and one day we will be free beings. On that day, all of God’s children will sing songs with new meanings.

If America is to be a great nation, freedom must be everywhere (for blacks). When that happens, blacks, whites, Jews, Gentiles, Protestants, Catholics, all of God’s children will sing the ancient Negro spiritual. We are free at last! We are free at last

Photography’s Civil Right Movement impact is huge. here include big part of Africans.

Civil Rights Movement :

Martin’s speech was a keynote in the American civil rights movement. His fiery words combined intellectual argument, religious rhetoric, and patriotic exhortation. The phrase “O my country, freedom is in the making” became a hymn. It gave new heart to black equality advocates.

It warned all politicians in Washington. Finally, in 1964, the US government passed the Civil Rights Act. It officially ended segregation. A year later, the Voting Rights Act freed African Americans from voting discrimination.

The struggle did not end. Discrimination was still severe. Disillusioned black activists rejected Martin’s militant nonviolent struggle. Martin learned nonviolent struggle from Mahatma Gandhi.

By 1968, Martin’s influence had waned. He was an optimist. I have reached the mountaintops of the Promised Land. I may not reach them with you. I want you to know tonight that as citizens we will reach the Promised Land.” The next day, April 4, 1968, 39-year-old Martin Luther King was shot and killed by a white separatist in a Memphis hotel lobby.

Martin’s speech was a keynote in the American civil rights movement.1964, the US government passed the Civil Rights Act

symbol of oppression, exclusion, untouchability, and inequality

In the American West, black skin was a symbol of oppression, exclusion, untouchability, and inequality. White supremacy, power, arrogance, false glory, exploitation, and parasitism. Martin fought for the rights of African-Americans in non-violent methods.

He presented himself as a black nationalist. X is the name of the unknown African family of his ancestors. Malcolm supported the equal rights of blacks. Malcolm criticized Martin’s peaceful campaigns. 

The lessons of a great personality and visionary like Martin Luther King Jr. are not contained in a few examples or principles. His entire life is an example for others. Through his words and deeds, Martin set some standards for people to follow to create an ideal society. Along with the enlightening journey and education of Martin Luther King Jr., there are some other things we can learn from his life:

Don't be afraid to demand and work for change :

Don’t be afraid to demand and work for change. It seemed as if even the law was not untouched by it. In this situation, leaders with their strong will demanded what was their right. Martin Luther King also demanded change with full zeal and as we all know, these efforts were rewarded wonderfully.

The idea of ​​dreaming is more important than any other message of Martin Luther King Jr. that is etched in people’s hearts. Dreaming of a better tomorrow for all without any hatred and prejudice led to racial freedom in the USA.

The power of such dreams has put the reins of power in the hands of the weak, along with which people hope for a better tomorrow every day. As much as it is important to work, it is equally important to dream.

Stand strong for justice in the face of adversity :

While working for racial equality, Martin Luther King faced a lot of opposition. He was threatened by opponents and his house was even bombed. Facing these oppositions with the law, he never gave up his ideas. He stood up for his people until he was killed in an attack during a peace march.

While working for racial equality, it was important to understand that the ultimate goal was not to take revenge for the past but to end this practice. Hatred in hearts can become an obstacle in creating equality, so Martin Luther King chose the best option for work, these were non-violence and love.

Love for white people was also visible in his protest and this was the reason behind the success of his movement. At its core, it was a progressive step in every way because of compassion and forgiveness instead of hatred.

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Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha | MK Gandhi

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About Mahatma Gandhi : who led revolution without weapons

Satyagraha was not originally related to MK Gandhi. Even before him, the idea of Satyagraha is widely mentioned in religious texts like Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Gita, Quran and many other books. The work of putting it into practice has been done from time to time by many Indians and Westerners like Prahlad, Raja Harishchandra, Sakurat, Plato, Jesus Christ, Emperor Ashoka. Prahlad was perhaps the first person to practice Satyagraha against the atrocities of his cruel father. At that time, it was not understood in the true sense of Satyagraha. According to MK Gandhi, “The principle of Satyagraha came into existence before its naming. In fact, when it was born I myself did not know what it was.”

Some Westerners believe that Gandhi derived the idea of Satyagraha from the New Testament of Jesus Christ, especially the Teachings on the Father. Some others believe that he derived the idea from the writings of Tolstoy, while Tolstoy himself derived it from the New Testament. In fact Gandhi’s idea of Satyagraha was inspired neither by Jesus Christ nor by Tolstoy, but the main basis of his inspiration was his own Vaishnavite faith in which he had unshakable faith.”

If observed carefully, Satyagraha appears to have originated from Indian traditions. Meaning and Origin of Satyagraha.

The word Satyagraha is basically a Sanskrit word. It is a combination of two words Satya and Agraha. Its literal meaning is insistence on truth. In other words, Satyagraha means sticking to truth and persevering in the attainment of truth.

Defining Satyagraha, Gandhi writes:

“Truth demands the insistence of love and thus this insistence becomes a synonym for strength. This is why I began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha instead of Passive Resistance, which means a force based on the strong pillars of truth, love and non-violence.”

Gandhi in ‘Indian Opinion’ outlined Satyagraha as firmness in a sacred cause. In Young India he points out that Satyagraha is only a new form of the ‘doctrine of self-suffering’  and in Hind Swaraj he declares that “self-sacrifice is infinitely more preferable than the sacrifice of others” and a self-sacrificer, i.e. a self-sufferer, does not by his actions injure others. Satyagraha, which was Gandhi’s supreme invention, discovery or creation, talks of a relentless, unceasing pursuit of truth where there is no room for violence, hatred, envy, conceit and malice. His concept means inaction, It was not meekness, helplessness or self-indulgence. In fact it refers to a way of thinking and a philosophy of life of the human mind which rests on a strong desire to achieve a noble goal, an unflinching faith in the principle of the victory of love over hatred, voluntary self-suffering for the transformation of hearts and the patient and active use of non-violent and just means to achieve these goals. In the words of the famous Gandhian Acharya J. B. Kripani, “Satyagraha demands something more than just attack. It refers to the continuous moral upliftment of the struggling masses. It also means moral defeat of opponents. A satyagraha is non-cooperative rather than a strike. Satyagraha in its truest sense is a continuous and active search for truth and non-violent struggle against untruth. Satyagraha also means the assertion of the power of the human soul against political and economic domination, which always rejects truth for

its false ends. So satyagraha is the highest expression of human consciousness. Consciousness motivates man strongly to non-violent struggle for the attainment of truth.

Satyagraha is the greatest expression of faith, trust, conscience, love and humility. It is a great victory in itself.Satyagraha is the relentless pursuit of truth and the attainment of it. It shows its tenacity, stability but sharpness.

In fact there is no force in the world as resilient, gentle and clear as it. It raises the self-force against injustice, injustice, oppression and exploitation. Literally it means. “The pressure of truth” which finds its expression in self-suffering, faith, determination, self-realization and self-confidence. The principle of Satyagraha is not a new discovery. It is as old as Patanjali. MK Gandhi made a strong effort to connect its origin with the idea of ​​enmity. Calling Satyagraha Kamadhenu, Gandhi said that it is useful for both the Satyagraha and its opponents. Satyagraha has also been related to Vedic Ayugs. Between its original form of ‘human and animal sacrifice’ and its contemporary expression in Satyagraha, (it has gone through a period of sharp divergences in the intellectual rationalization of the Upanishads and the humanistic concerns of the Jains and the Buddhists.)

MK Gandhi discovered this unique weapon during his non-violent struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa. In 1906 Gandhi organised the Indian diaspora in South Africa and devised a novel method of resistance against unjust laws and public practices which Gandhi called ‘Passive Resistance’ but with the passage of time and the intensification of the struggle this name came under suspicion and doubt and it came to be regarded as a weapon of the weak. As a result, it would be considered shameful to use an English word that was not easily comprehensible.

He felt that the movement he had started had deeper implications than passive resistance. So, feeling the need to revive this new kind of resistance, Gandhi announced a small prize in his weekly paper Indian Opinion for suggesting a new and appropriate word. One of his colleagues, Magan Lal Gandhi suggested the word Sadagrah, which means unceasing effort to achieve a noble goal. 

Gandhi liked it but also felt that it did not fully express his ideas as he saw it as a truth force whose expression was driven by the divine qualities of truth, love and non-violence. He therefore modified it slightly and named it ‘Satyagraha’ which literally means ‘insistence on truth’. While discussing the origins of Satyagraha with Joseph J. Bock, Gandhi expressed the following views. He said, ‘I remember how a line from a Gujarati poem I learnt in school attracted me immensely.’

It meant something like this: If someone satisfies your lust and in return you also satisfy his lust, there is nothing remarkable in it. The best thing is when you give goodness in return of badness. That line made a strong impression on me in my childhood and I tried my best to apply it in my behaviour. Then came the mention of the teachings on the Father. ‘But surely the Bhagavad Gita must have had the first influence on you?’ he replied, ‘No’. Although I am thoroughly familiar with the Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit, I never made its teachings the reference for this particular work. In fact the New Testament explained to me the value and usefulness of passive resistance. When I read these lines in the ‘Precepts on the Lord’ – ‘Resist evil and not evil.’ If somebody slaps you on your right cheek, quickly put forward your left cheek also and love your enemy as your loved ones and pray for his well-being because he may be one of the sons of my Father living in heaven, then I will be filled with joy and happiness and I will know that this is the reason why God has given me so much happiness.